![]() Many of Clot-Bey’s writings provided readers with a gloomy picture of the status of Egyptian health care. Foremost among these was the French surgeon Antoine-Barthélémy Clot-Bey, entrusted by Muhammad Ali Pasha, ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, to reform the country’s medical education and practice. ![]() 2 This lack of interest mainly stems from the opinion of the physicians who accompanied the French expedition of 1798–1801 and other European physicians assigned to reform medicine in early nineteenth-century Egypt. 1 In the opinion of many scholars this was a time when the medical sciences in Egypt declined, qualified learned physicians were rare and people relied mainly on ignorant barbers and charlatans, and the period was deemed unworthy of study. Although the history of modern medical reforms in nineteenth-century Egypt has received considerable attention from historians and scholars, the history of medicine when the country was under Ottoman rule from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, is still largely unexplored. ![]()
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